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Keywords	biofuels, biomass, fermentation, hydrogen, mixed microbial cultures, sweet sorghum, Ruminococcus albus
Abstract	The present study focuses on the exploitation of sweet sorghum biomass as a source for hydrogen in continuous and batch systems. Sweet sorghum is an annual C4 plant of tropical origin, well-adapted to sub-tropical and temperate regions and highly productive in biomass. Sweet sorghum biomass is rich in readily fermentable sugars and thus it can be considered as an excellent raw material for fermentative hydrogen production. Extraction of free sugars from the sorghum stalks was achieved using water at 30°C. After the extraction process, a liquid fraction (sorghum extract), rich in sucrose, and a solid fraction (sorghum cellulosic-hemicellulosic residues), containing the cellulose and hemicelluloses, were obtained. Hydrogen production from sorghum extract was investigated using mixed acidogenic microbial cultures, coming from the indigenous sorghum microflora and Ruminococcus albus, an important, fibrolytic bacterium of the rumen. Hydrogen productivity of sorghum residues was assessed as well, using R. albus. The highest hydrogen yield obtained from sorghum extract fermented with mixed microbial cultures in continuous system was 0.86 mol hydrogen per mol of glucose consumed, at a hydraulic retention time of 12 hours. This corresponded to a hydrogen productivity of 10.4 l hydrogen per kg of sorghum biomass and was comparable with those obtained from batch experiments. On the other hand, the hydrogen yield obtained from sorghum extract treated with R. albus was as high as 2.1-2.6 mol hydrogen per mol of glucose consumed. Hydrogen productivity of sorghum residues fermented with R. albus reached 2.6 mol hydrogen per mol of glucose consumed. In total, the productivity of sorghum biomass (that of sorghum extract plus that of sorghum residues) could be 60 l hydrogen per kg of sorghum biomass if R. albus is used.
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Name	Affiliation	Home page	e-mail	Total pubs
Angelopoulos K	Department of Biology, University of Patras, University of Patras, Greece			4
Antonopoulou G	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Karatheodori 1 st. 26500 Patras, Greece		geogant@chemeng.upatras.gr	7
Gavala HN	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Karatheodori 1 st., 26500 Patras, Greece		gavala@chemeng.upatras.gr	6
Lyberatos G	Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras		lyberatos@chemeng.upatras.gr	31
Ntaikou I	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Karatheodori 1 st., 26500 Patras, Greece		iwntaikou@chemeng.upatras.gr	7
Skiadas IV	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Karatheodori 1 st. 26500 Patras, Greece			4