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Order of appearence	Full citation	SRCosmos Link
1	Ferrer I, Barcelo D, (1999). Simultaneous determination of antifouling herbicides in marina water samples by on-line solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. A, 854, 197-206.
2	Ferrer I, Ballesteros B, Marco MP, Barcelo D, (1997). Pilot survey for the determination of the antifouling agent irgarol 1051 in enclosed seawater samples by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Environ. Sci. Tech., 31, 3530-3535.
3	Gough MA, Fothergill J, Hendrie JD, (1994). A survey of Southern England Coastal Waters for the s-Triazine Antifouling Compound iragrol 1051. Mar. Pollu. Bul., 28, 613-620.
4	Lambropoulou D, Konstantinou I, Albanis T, (2000). Determination of fungicides in natural waters using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection J. Chromatogr A, 893,143-156.
5	Martinez K, Ferrer I, Barcelo D, (2000). Part-per-trillion level determination of antifouling pesticides and their byproducts in seawater samples by off-line solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr A, 879, 27-37.
6	Readman JW, Kwong LLW, Grondin D, Bartocci J, Villeneuve JP, Mee LD, (1993). Coastal water contamination from a triazine herbicide used in antifouling paints. Environ. Sci. Tech, 27, 1940-1942.
7	Scarlett A, Donkin ME, Fileman TW, Donkin P, (1997). Occurrence of the Marine Antifouling Agent irgarol 1051 within the Plymouth Sound Locality: Implications for the Green Macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis. Mar. Pollu. Bul, 34, 645-651.
8	Thomas KV, Blake SJ, Waldock MJ, (2000). Antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in UK Marine sediments. Mar. Pollu. Bul, 40, 739-745.
9	Tolosa I, Readman JW, Blaevoet A, Ghilini S, Bartocci J, Horvat M, (1996). Contamination of Medtterranean coastal waters by organotins and iragrol 1051 used in antifouling paints. Mar. Pollu. Bul, 32, 335-341.
10	Tolosa I, Douy B, Carvalho FP, (1999), Comparison of the performance of graphitized carbon black and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) cartrigdes for the determination of pesticides and industrial phosphates in environmental waters. J. Chromatogr A, 864, 121-136
11	Toth S, Becker-van Slooten, K., Spack, L., Alencastro, L.F.and Tarradellas, J. (1996). Irgarol 1051, an Antifouling Compound in Freshwater, Sediment and Biota of Lake Geneva. Bul. Environ. Contam. Tox. 57, 426-433.
12	Voulvounis N, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN, (1999). Analytical methods for the determination of 9 antifouling paint booster biocides in estuarine water samples. Chemosphere, 38, 3503-3516.

Keywords
Abstract	The comparison of analytical procedures, based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques, for the determination of five organic booster biocides (Irgarol, Dichlofluanid, Chlorothalonil, Folpet, SeaNine 211/Kathon), which are used in marine antifouling paints, is described. Analysis was performed with SDB (styrene-polydivinylbenzene), C18 (octadecyl-silica) and AC (activated carbon) disks used in off-line SPE procedure as well as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) and PA (polyacrylate) coating fibres used for the SPME technique, coupled with gas chromatography with electron capture, flame thermionic and mass spectrometric detection. Recovery studies were performed at 0.5-10 μg/l concentration level in spiking water samples of different origin (distilled, lake, river and sea water) after optimization of each technique. Irgarol, Sea Nine and chlorothalonil were extracted effectively with C18 and SDB disks (recovery >75%), while dichlofluanid was moderately or insufficiently extracted (recovery < 65%). With CB disks carefully extraction procedure is needed for the efficient extraction of dichlofluanid, Sea Nine and Irgarol, while chlorothalonil was difficult to be desorbed (recovery <60%). In SPME procedure both fibres were capable to extract all biocides showing recoveries in relatively high levels (65-124,4%). SPME can be used more efficiently as a multiresidue technique for the tested biocides than SPE which requires the use of different sorbents for the determination of biocides. Very low limits of detection (1-60 ng/l) can be achieved under the optimized conditions with both SPE and SPME techniques and thus, their potential of trace-level screening determination of antifouling biocides in natural waters is demonstrated.
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Name	Affiliation	Home page	e-mail	Total pubs
Albanis TA	Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Research Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece		talbanis@cc.uoi.gr	72
Hela DG	Department of Business Administration of Agricultural and Food Enterprises, University of Ioannina, Agrinio 30100, Greece		dchela@cc.uoi.gr	12
Konstantinou IK	Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, 30100, Agrinio, Greece			18
Lambropoulou DA	Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina		dlambro@cc.uoi.gr	26
Sakkas VA	Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina		vsakkas@cc.uoi.gr	26