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Article summary:

Stewart I, Carmichael WW, Sadler R, Mc-Gregor GB, Reardon K, Eaglesham GK, Wickramasinghe WA, Seawright AA, Shaw GR:
"Occupational and environmental hazard assessments for the isolation, purification and toxicity testing of cyanobacterial toxins",
Environmental Health 8 () : 1-12 (Nov 2009)

Keywords
Abstract	Cyanobacteria can produce groups of structurally and functionally unrelated but highly potent toxins. Cyanotoxins are used in multiple research endeavours, either for direct investigation of their toxicologic properties, or as functional analogues for various biochemical and physiological processes. This paper presents occupational safety guidelines and recommendations for personnel working in field, laboratory or industrial settings to produce and use purified cyanotoxins and toxic cyanobacteria, from bulk harvesting of bloom material, mass culture of laboratory isolates, through routine extraction, isolation and purification. Oral, inhalational, dermal and parenteral routes are all potential occupational exposure pathways during the various stages of cyanotoxin production and application. Investigation of toxicologic or pharmacologic properties using in vivo models may present specific risks if radiolabelled cyanotoxins are employed, and the potential for occupational exposure via the dermal route is heightened with the use of organic solvents as vehicles. Inter- and intra-national transport of living cyanobacteria for research purposes risks establishing feral microalgal populations, so disinfection of culture equipment and destruction of cells by autoclaving, incineration and/or chlorination is recommended in order to prevent viable cyanobacteria from escaping research or production facilities.
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Included Refrences	64 References (List...)
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Authors:

Name	Affiliation	Home page	e-mail	Total pubs
Carmichael WW	Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glen Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA		wayne.carmichael@wright.edu	1
Eaglesham GK	Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia		Geoff_Eaglesham@health.qld.gov.au	1
Mc-Gregor GB	Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia		Glenn.Mcgregor@derm.qld.gov.au	1
Reardon K	Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia		Karen_Reardon@health.qld.gov.au	1
Sadler R	School of Public Health, Griffith University, Logan Campus, University Drive, Meadowbrook, Queensland 4131, Australia		ross.sadler@griffith.edu.au	1
Seawright AA	The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia		a.seawright@uq.edu.au	1
Shaw GR	National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia		g.shaw@griffith.edu.au	3
Stewart I	School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia		i.stewart@uq.edu.au	3
Wickramasinghe WA	The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia		w.wickramasinghe@uq.edu.au	1

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